Prices and social behaviour: Evidence from adult smoking in Canadian Aboriginal communities
研究了烟草价格对加拿大原住民社区成人吸烟行为的影响，区分了价格变化的直接效应和通过改变社区吸烟行为产生的间接效应，发现间接效应使价格影响几乎翻倍。
Abstract This paper provides estimates of tobacco price elasticity explicitly distinguishing between two price effects: the direct effect, reflecting individual reaction to a price change, and the indirect effect, whereby price influences the individual by changing community smoking behaviour. Canada's Aboriginal communities are small and secluded, allowing for plausible identification of reference groups on a relatively large scale. Estimates suggest a 10% increase in price decreases daily smoking by 0.91 percentage points (2.11%), occasional smoking by 1.24 percentage points (8.27%) and average smoking intensity by 0.15 cigarettes per day (2.9%). It is found that the indirect effect almost doubles the response to a change in tobacco prices over the direct effect alone.