Competitive Intensity and Its Two-Sided Effect on the Boundaries of Firm Performance
提出了三种竞争强度的形式化概念，弥补了以往理论在衡量竞争对企业和交易伙伴双向影响上的不足，为理解企业绩效边界提供了新工具。
The new perspective emerging from strategy’s value-capture stream is that the effects of competition are twofold: competition for an agent bounds its performance from below, while that for its transaction partners bounds from above. Thus, assessing the intensity of competition on either side is essential to understanding firm performance. Yet, the literature provides no formal notion of “competitive intensity” with which to make such assessments. Rather, some authors use added value as their central analytic concept, others the core. Added value is simple but misses the crucial, for-an-agent side of competition. The core is theoretically complete but difficult to interpret and empirically intractable. This paper formalizes three, increasingly general notions of competitive intensity, all of which improve on added value while avoiding the complexity of the core. We analyze markets characterized by disjoint networks of agents (e.g., supply chains), providing several insights into competition and new tools for empirical work. The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2737 . This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.