The Value of Biodiversity: Markets, Society, and Ecosystems
讨论了生物多样性在市场价值、非市场价值及对生态系统价值的不同层面，指出市场交换价值仅占一小部分，总价值对人类生存至关重要，需要多层次方法制定保护政策。
The value of biodiversity is discussed at different levels including market value, non-market values to humans, and the value of biodiversity to ecosystems. The main conclusion is that, although market exchange values of environmental services may be used to justify biodiversity protection measures, it must be stressed that exchange value constitutes a small portion of total biodiversity value. The total value of existing biodiversity is largely unknown but indications are that it is essential to human existence. The various levels of biodiversity value point to the need for a hierarchical and pluralistic methodology to determine appropriate policies for its preservation.