HOW GLOBAL ARE GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS? A NEW APPROACH TO MEASURE INTERNATIONAL FRAGMENTATION
通过扩展Feenstra和Hanson的碎片化衡量方法到多国情境，基于覆盖40国和14个制造业产品组的世界经济投入产出模型，发现自1995年以来几乎所有产品链中，完成国以外的增加值份额上升，且主要来自区域外，表明生产系统正从区域化转向“工厂世界”。
ABSTRACT Denser networks of intermediate input flows between countries suggest ongoing international fragmentation of production chains. But is this process mainly taking place between countries within a region, or is it truly global? We provide new macroeconomic evidence by extending the Feenstra and Hanson ( ) measure of fragmentation to a multicountry setting. We derive the distribution of value added by all countries involved in the production chain of a particular final good. This is based on a new input–output model of the world economy, covering 40 countries and 14 manufacturing product groups. We find that in almost all product chains, the share of value added outside the country‐of‐completion has increased since 1995. This is mainly added outside the region to which the country‐of‐completion belongs, suggesting a transition from regional production systems to “Factory World.” This tendency was only briefly interrupted by the financial crisis in 2008.