Why Do People Give? Testing Pure and Impure Altruism
通过测量不同慈善产出水平下的挤出效应，区分纯粹利他主义与非纯粹利他主义，首次实验证明挤出效应随产出递减，支持非纯粹利他主义。
Researchers measure crowd-out around one level of charity output to identify whether giving is motivated by altruism and/or warm-glow. However, crowd-out depends on output, implying first that the power to reject pure altruism varies, and second that a single measurement of incomplete crowd-out can be rationalized by many different preferences. By instead measuring crowd-out at different output levels, we allow both for identification and for a novel and direct test of impure altruism. Using a new experimental design, we present the first empirical evidence that, consistent with impure altruism, crowd-out decreases with output.