Leapfrogging in international competition: A theory of cycles in national technological leadership
提出一种机制，解释为何技术领先地位会因重大技术变革而更替：领先国家因旧技术经验丰富而轻视新技术，落后国家则利用低工资采用新技术，若新技术更高效则实现蛙跳。
Endogenous-growth theory suggests that technological change tends to reinforce the position of the leading nations. Yet sometimes this leadership role shifts. The authors suggest a mechanism that explains this pattern of 'leapfrogging' as a response to occasional major changes in technology. When such a change occurs, the new technology does not initially seem to be an improvement for leading nations, given their extensive experience with older technologies. Lagging nations have less experience; the new technique allows them to use their lower wages to enter the market. If the new technique proves more productive than the old, leapfrogging of leadership occurs. Copyright 1993 by American Economic Association.