Why Do Different Countries Choose a Different Public-Private Mix of Educational Services?
解释各国私立学校入学比例差异的原因：发展中国家中学阶段私立比例高源于公共支出不足导致的超额需求；而同一发展阶段内的差异则归因于文化异质性，尤其是宗教异质性带来的非营利供给。
We observe a wide range across countries in the percentage of total enrollments that attend private rather than public schools. This paper seeks to explain 1) the systematically higher proportion of private enrollments (%PVT) in developing as compared with developed countries at the secondary level, and 2) the seemingly random variation across countries within a given level of education and stage of development. I argue that the latter is due to differentiated and nonprofit supply, both of which stem from cultural heterogeneity, especially religious heterogeneity. In contrast, the large %PVT at the secondary level in developing countries is hypothesized to stem from limited public spending, which creates an excess demand from people who would prefer to use the public schools but are involuntarily excluded and pushed into the private sector. The limited public spending on secondary education, in turn, is modelled as a collective decision which is strongly influenced by the