Paying for Pollution: Permits and Charges
比较了四种租金回收方法（利润、产出、投入收费以及排放许可证租赁费）对效率和清洁与污染企业相对负担的影响，发现某些收费与许可证结合可能比单独使用许可证更优。
Tradeable emission permits are becoming an increasingly important instrument for controlling emissions. For a variety of reasons, emission permits are often allocated gratis, conferring a windfall gain on the first generation of permit holders. This paper examines how a regulator may capture this rent. Four different methods of rent capture--profit, output and input charges, and an emission permit rental charge--are compared with respect to their effects on efficiency and the relative burden placed on 'cleaner' and 'dirtier' firms. In addition to generating revenue for the regulator, certain charges coupled with emission permits may result in a better instrument than permits alone. Copyright 1996 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.