Estimating the Structure of Industrial Water Demands: The Case of Canadian Manufacturing
基于加拿大制造业企业调查数据，估计了用水需求结构，发现水循环利用可替代取水和排水，为经济激励政策提供依据。
This study considers water use by Canadian manufacturing firms. The estimation of water demands is based on a detailed cross-sectional survey of establishment-level observations on water prices, quantities, and expenditures. Industrial water use is modeled as having four components: intake, treatment prior to use, recirculation, and discharge. Average values for the estimated own-price elasticity for water intake range from -0.1534 to -0.5885. Water recirculation is found to be a substitute for both water intake and water discharge. This confirms that expanding the use of economic incentives (e.g., effluent fees) may be effective in encouraging firms to reduce their water use while increasing in-plant recirculation.