Uniform Compliance Costs for Mineral Commodities: Who Gains and Who Loses?
研究了全球统一环保合规成本对能源和非燃料矿产生产、消费及净出口收入的影响，发现调整幅度不大，许多贫穷国家因贸易条件改善而受益，但外汇获取问题仍存。
Changes in energy and nonfuelmineral production, consumption, and net-export revenue that result from environmental protection are estimated by income class and geographic region. Unlike previous assessments of unilateral adoption of standards, I assume that all producers incur equal cleanup costs. Adjustment is therefore accomplished through changes in prices and quantities rather than altered trade patterns. The estimated magnitude of worldwide changes is not large. Moreover, many poor countries are forecast to benefit, since their terms of trade improve. However, the problem of obtaining foreign exchange for investment remains. A financing scheme that divorces efficiency from equity is suggested.