Free Riding and Sales Strategies for the Internet
研究了互联网销售如何搭便车利用实体零售商的促销努力，导致制造商试图控制在线产品的供应和定价，并分析了香水、DVD播放器和冰箱三类产品的证据。
For many products, Internet sales can free ride off of the promotional effort exerted by brick and mortar retailers, leading manufacturers to attempt to control the availability and pricing of their products over the Internet. We examine three categories of products: fragrances, DVD players, and side‐by‐side refrigerators. Our evidence suggests that manufacturers that limit distribution in the physical world use various mechanisms to limit distribution online. In particular, these manufacturers generally prevent the sale of their products by Internet retailers that offer deep discounts. Furthermore, manufacturer websites tend to charge high prices, suggesting that manufacturers may internalize free rider issues.