Sex Role Socialization and Labor Market Outcomes
指出三大主流经济学解释（人力资本、纯粹歧视、职业拥挤）无法完全说明性别工资差距，进而构建模型分析社会化如何影响劳动力市场，并探讨其与歧视的相互作用及实证检验方法。
It is well known that women earn less than men. The causes of the wage gap, however, are not well understood. Each of the three major economic explanations of the wage gap-human capital, pure discrimination, and crowding-suffers from serious shortcomings. The human capital explanation is simply not supported by the data: sex differences in experience, training, and work history can account for only about one-third of the wage differences between men and women. (See Corcoran and G. J. Duncan, 1984, and references cited therein.) Pure discrimination (especially to the tune of about 25 percent of male wages) is just not sustainable in a competitive market (Kenneth Arrow, 1972a,b). And although women are very much crowded into a relatively few occupations (Barbara Bergmann, 1974), this fact does not carry with it an explanation of how and why it comes to be true. Socialization and discrimination are the two explanations of the unexplained portion of the wage gap that are most often identified (see, for example, D. J. Treiman and H. I. Hartmann, 1981), but the discussion usually stops there. Our purpose in this paper is to begin to look explicitly at how socialization might work in a model of the labor market, how socialization and discrimination might interact, and how one might test empirically for labor market effects of socialization.