DESIGNING ORDER-BOOK TRANSPARENCY IN ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
研究了股票交易所中冰山订单（仅公开部分交易量的订单）的合理性，发现不完全披露是任何最优机制的必要特征，前提是潜在买家需付出成本才能了解资产价值。这对要求公开订单簿的监管政策提出了警示。
A significant fraction of trade in stock exchanges (e.g., Euronext and NASDAQ) involves ‘iceberg orders’, which are orders to sell or buy a certain number of shares with the caveat that only a part of that number be made public. This paper provides a normative justification for the lack of transparency in this kind of order: imperfect disclosure is shown to be a necessary feature of any optimal mechanism when the asset's potential buyers must incur a cost in order to become active and learn their valuations for the asset. This finding raises a caveat for regulation that seeks to mandate the open order book or otherwise increase the pre-trade transparency of stock exchanges.