Nonlinear pricing and exclusion:II. Must‐stock products
研究了主导企业如何通过非线性定价（如全单位折扣）设置进入壁垒和扩张壁垒，影响竞争对手的竞争压力，适用于分析快速演变行业中的市场排斥问题。
Dominant firms often are unavoidable trading partners. Buyers may consider switching a fraction of their requirements to rival products, but that fraction is highly uncertain in rapidly evolving industries. Nonlinear pricing serves to adjust the competitive pressure placed on rival firms, depending on the joint distribution of the buyer willingness to pay for the rival's good and the share of contestable demand. Concave price‐quantity schedules erect barriers to entry. Convex parts in schedules introduce barriers to expansion. Dominant firms use all‐units discounts to create high entry barriers for rival firms with intermediate levels of contestable demand.