Productive labour, price/value ratio and rate of surplus value: theoretical viewpoints and empirical evidence
定义了包括流通和监督劳动在内的间接社会劳动意义上的生产性劳动，提出通过宏观价格/价值比率计算剩余劳动率的方法，并分析了1970-86年欧共体国家的剩余价值率趋势。
Productive labor is defined in the sense of indirect social labor, which includes circulation and supervisory labor as well. The calculation of the macroeconomic price/value ratio provides an easy method to arrive at theoretically correct estimates of the rate of surplus labor at macro or micro levels and to study the evolution of total labor productivity (here in the wage-good sector). The level and general tendencies of the macroeconomic rate of surplus value appear to be fairly similar in EEC countries over the period 1970-86, while productivity increases are much more important in the latter. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press.