Willingness to Pay for Gains and Losses in Visibility and Health
比较了人们为避免空气质量损失和获得空气质量改善的支付意愿，发现能见度和健康的收益与损失受健康状况、风险感知等因素的不同影响，且损失测度更可靠。
Two different willingness-to-pay responses are compared-willingness to pay to avoid loss of air quality and willingness to pay to obtain gains in air quality. Contingent valuation data were used to estimate bid functions for these two types of responses for visibility and health. Comparison of the estimated models indicates that, in addition to magnitude differences, gains and losses for visibility and health are affected differently by health status, risk perceptions, and other risk-related variables. Results for the loss measure are more reliable in terms of variability of response and econometric modeling.