Export Quota Allocations, Export Earnings, and Market Diversification
研究了自愿出口限制下采用两级配额分配制度对出口收益和市场多元化的影响，发现该制度会增加对非限制市场的出口但导致效率损失，并可能与反倾销案件增加有关。
Countries facing voluntary export restraints (VERS) often adopt a two-tier allocation system for export licenses to the restricted market: (1) a "basic " allocation related to export shares to the restricted market; and (2) an "open " allocation based on export shares to the nonrestricted market. Such a two-tier allocation system increases exports to the nonrestricted market beyond the levels which would exist under a single-quota allocation system and has an efficiency cost as it results in some sales being made at less than marginal cost. The history of VER negotiations provides a rationale for such a policy and suggests that the recent increase in antidumping cases may be partly associated with the adoption of two-tier quota allocation systems. Nontariff barriers (NTBS) present a growing threat to a liberal world trading system and slow the relocation of mature industries from developed to devel-oping countries. Among NTBS, voluntary export restraints (VERS) are prolifer-ating and constitute a major element of the "new protectionism." Besides measuring the incidence of NTBS, research has concentrated on three aspects of VERS: the welfare cost to the imposing country, their attraction for