Freedoms and Economic Growth: Transitional and Permanent Components
利用面板数据研究政治权利和公民自由改革对经济增长的影响，发现改革的经济效益存在滞后，且公民自由改革需要政治权利改革来维持。
This paper investigates the empirical foundation for policy reform prescriptions suggested by the institutional approach to economic growth. The focus is the relationship between institutional reforms, measured by changes in a country's political or civil rights, and economic growth. Empirical models previously estimated using cross-section data are extended by adding a temporal element. This allows an estimation of the timing of benefits following a reform. In addition to finding support for the idea that institutional reforms can cause increases in economic growth, five major implications emerge: (i) the economic benefits of freedom reforms are systematic and significant, (ii) economic benefits, in the form of increased growth, occur with a lag after the initiation of a reform in political rights or in civil liberties, (iii) reforms in civil liberties eventually require a reform in political rights in order to be sustained, (iv) changes in the capital-to-labor ratio have a larger effect on economic growth in the short run than in the long run, and (v) there remains significant and unexplained regional variation in the short-run effects of changes in the capital-to-labor ratio.