Housework, Fixed Effects, and Wages of Married Workers
利用收入动态面板调查数据，发现已婚女性的家务时间与工资存在显著负相关，且固定效应模型下该关系依然成立；加入家务时间后，性别工资差距的解释部分从27-30%升至38%。
Although the primacy of household responsibilities in determining gender differences in labor market outcomes is universally recognized, there has been little investigation of the direct effect of housework on wages. Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, cross-sectional wage regressions reveal a substantial negative relation between wages and housework for wives, which persists in specifications controlling for individual fixed effects. The evidence for husbands is inconclusive. Married women's housework time is, on average, three times that of married men's. The addition of housework time to the wage equations increases the explained component of the gender wage gap from 27-30 percent to 38 percent.