Optimal Bypass and Cream Skimming
构建了一个关于绕道和撇脂行为的规范规制模型，分析了绕道对二级价格歧视、受规制企业租金及低需求消费者福利的影响，发现边际成本定价可能最优，且不规制绕道技术会导致过度撇脂。
This paper develops a normative model of regulatory policy toward bypass and cream skimming. It analyzes the effects of bypass on second-degree price discrimination, on the rent of the regulated firm, and on the welfare of low-demand customers. It shows that pricing under marginal cost may be optimal for the regulated firm, excessive cream skimming occurs if access to the bypass technology is not regulated, and the prohibition of bypass may increase or decrease the regulated firm's rent. Copyright 1990 by American Economic Association.