Distortions, True Trade Price and Quantity Indices and Welfare
利用贸易支出函数，为存在国内扭曲（如商品税、生产税、要素失业等）的多家庭开放经济体构建真实贸易价格与数量指数，并分析世界市场价格变化和扭曲对福利的影响，推导出贸易获益的全局充要条件。
Trade expenditure functions are used to develop true trade price and quantity indices for multihousehold open economies with domestic distortions such as commodity or production taxes/subsidies, factor unemployment, or exogenous factor price differentials. These indices are then used to analyze the welfare effects of changes in world market prices and/or the distortions. In contrast to earlier literature, the authors derive a set of novel globally valid necessary and sufficient conditions for gains from trade in the presence of the listed distortions. Novel sufficient conditions for welfare improvement, which are readily measurable, are also proven. Copyright 1990 by The editors of the Scandinavian Journal of Economics.