Testing for Bias in Graduate School Admissions
利用48所顶尖研究生院五个学科的申请与录取数据，发现招生中存在对美国公民、女性和少数族裔的偏好，表明为促进多样性而对优势群体采用更高标准。
This paper provides an empirical examination of the factors that influence graduate admissions decisions. It exploits a unique, large data set on applications and admissions to 48 leading graduate schools in five disciplines, including economics. The analysis shows that these graduate schools in the aggregate gave substantial preference in four out of five fields to U.S. citizens over foreign applicants, modest preference in three fields to women over men, and substantial preference in all fields to underrepresented minorities over other U.S. citizens. The findings suggest that higher standards are applied to overrepresented groups to achieve more diverse enrollments.