The Values of Economic Theory in Management Education
基于Hayes和Abernathy对美国工业衰退的分析，探讨经济理论在管理教育中的作用，指出管理失败是竞争力下降的主因，对管理教育者和政策制定者有参考价值。
In their seminal work describing the decline of American industry, Robert Hayes and William Abernathy (1980) identified competitive failures in world markets (loss of market shares at home and abroad); declining productivity (in both absolute terms and relative to Japan and West Germany from 1960 to 1978); and the loss of leadership in both mature and high technology industries. While other commentators had noted the relative decline in American economic performance and cited a large number of alleged causes for this decline, the Hayes and Abernathy article was notable for citing managerial failure as being at the root of the problem. Although Hayes and Abernathy acknowledged the influence of excessive government regulation and taxation, pressures from labor unions and public interest groups, dependency on OPEC-priced oil, and capital market emphasis on short-run financial returns, they argued that Japanese and West German companies were subject to the same constraints, only more so. How then, they asked, can one explain the poorer performance of American industry by these factors? Instead, they pointed to the new management orthodoxy as deserving a major share of the blame, and provided the results of a comparative study of management attitudes in the United States, Japan, and Western Europe to substantiate their charges.'