Managerial practices and student performance
研究六个工业化国家学校管理实践对学生成绩的影响，发现管理质量与学生数学成绩正相关，若意大利采用英国的管理实践可缩小其与OECD平均的差距。
We study the effects of managerial practices in schools on student outcomes. We measure managerial practices using the World Management Survey, a methodology that enables us to construct robust measures of management quality comparable across countries. We find substantial heterogeneity in managerial practices across six industrialized countries, with more centralized systems (Italy and Germany) lagging behind the more autonomous systems (Canada, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States). For Italy, we are able to match organizational practices at the school level with student outcomes in a math-standardized test. We find that managerial practices are positively related to student outcomes. The estimates imply that if Italy had the same managerial practices as the United Kingdom (the best performer), it would close the gap in the math OECD PISA test with respect to the OECD average. We argue that our results are robust to selection issues and show that they are confirmed by a set of IV estimates and by a large number of robustness checks. Overall, our results suggest that policies directed at improving student cognitive achievements should take into account principals selection and training in terms of managerial capabilities.