Emerging market multinationals and the theory of the multinational enterprise
指出邓宁的OLI模型假设区位优势是国家属性且对所有企业免费，但新兴市场跨国公司可通过垄断控制这些资源获取资金，投资发达国家获取自身缺乏的企业特定优势，从而与发达国家跨国公司竞争。
Does Dunning's OLI model really explain the pattern of foreign direct investments by emerging market multinationals (EMMs)? I argue that it suffers from the basic flaw of assuming that location advantages (CSAs) are properties of a country and freely available to all firms operating there. But some CSAs have owners, usually local firms, who can sometimes derive significant gains from the monopoly control of these resources. They can use this monopoly power to finance intangible‐seeking investments in developed countries to obtain the firm‐specific advantages (FSAs) they lack and, hence. compete with FSA‐rich MNEs in their own market, and then internationally.