Paying out and crowding out? The globalization of higher education
研究英国高等教育中国际学生增加对本国学生数量的影响，发现对本科生无挤出效应，对研究生反而有吸引效应，并利用历史数据和签证政策变化识别因果关系。
Increased globalization of higher education has occurred as more students from across the world now enrol in universities abroad for their post-school education. We study the consequences of having more foreign students in one of the world’s biggest receivers of international students, the UK’s higher educational system. To do so, we estimate the impact of growing numbers of international students on the number of domestic students. Using rich administrative data, we find no evidence of crowd out of domestic undergraduates whose enrolment numbers are regulated by maximum quotas. For domestic postgraduates, who do not face such quotas, there is evidence of crowd in. We establish causality of this relationship by employing two empirical strategies to predict exogenous international student growth. The first uses shift-share instruments based on historical patterns of student enrolment from countries attending specific university departments. The second is based on the fast growth in enrolment of Chinese students which was facilitated by changes in visa regulations in combination with distinct subject of study preferences.