Money and Credit in the Monetary Transmission Process
强调货币市场和信贷市场在传导货币与实际冲击时缺一不可，并探讨信贷市场冲击是独立加剧货币衰退还是与货币市场相互作用。
The title of this session asks about the roles of money or credit in the transmission of monetary and real shocks. Our answer, repeated in different forms for more than two decades, is that the analysis of the transmission process is incomplete without both the money and credit markets and their interaction. For many years, economists ignored the role of the credit markets. Recently, there has been some change. Concerns about financial fragility, banking failures, debt default and loan rationing focussed attention on credit markets. Reexamination of experience during the early 1930's (Ben Bernanke, 1983) raises an issue about whether credit market shocks operated 1) as an independent, or exogenous, impulse supplementing and reinforcing the monetary decline, or 2) as part of the interaction of credit, money (and other financial) markets.