Abstraction, tendencies and stylised facts: a realist approach to economic analysis
论证了尼古拉斯·卡尔多使用的抽象、趋势和典型化事实等概念可以通过实在论方法得到解释和辩护，并指出实在论是当前正统经济学方法的严肃替代方案。
In his numerous methodological asides and assertions that feature in his more empirically-oriented, postwar contributions, Nicholas Kaldor makes frequent reference to notions of abstraction, tendencies, and stylized facts. However, the employment of such terms seems rarely to be explicitly questioned, justified, or explicated. This paper argues that such notions can be readily explicated and their employment justified through adopting an explicitly realist approach to economic analysis. It is also argued that realism represents a serious alternative to current orthodox approaches to economics without suffering from some of the latter's more obvious limitations. Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press.