“Sex in Marriage Is a Divine Gift”? Evidence on the Quantity-Quality Trade-off from the Manila Contraceptive Ban
利用马尼拉市1990年代末的避孕禁令作为自然实验，研究发现家庭规模增加显著降低了菲律宾城市儿童的教育水平，证实了孩子数量与质量之间的权衡关系。
We analyze the trade-off between child quantity and child quality in developing countries by estimating the effect of family size on child’s education in urban Philippines. To isolate exogenous changes in family size, we exploit a policy shock: in the late 1990s, the mayor of Manila enacted a municipal ban on modern contraceptives. Since other comparable cities in the Manila metropolitan area were not affected by the ban, this allows us to implement a difference-in-difference estimation of the effect on family size. We also exploit the fact that older mothers were less likely to become pregnant during the ban. Our results indicate that the contraceptive ban led to a significant increase in family size. They also provide evidence of a quality-quantity trade-off: increased family size led to a sizable decrease in educational attainment.