A Budget-Based Definition of Poverty: With an Application to Single-Parent Families
提出通过基本需求预算定义贫困的方法，考虑家庭在儿童保育、交通和住房成本上的差异，并纳入税收和非现金福利。以1989年单亲家庭为例，该方法下的贫困率为47%，高于官方方法的39%。
An approach to defining poverty through a Basic Needs Budget (BNB) is presented which takes account of families' differing needs for child care and transportation, and of regional differences in housing costs. Taxes and noncash benefits from governmental and private sources are also accounted for. The BNB poverty rate for single parents for 1989 is 47 percent, compared to 39 percent under the official method; almost a quarter of single parents holding full-time jobs are counted as poor under the BNB method. Radical reduction in both the welfare rolls and the poverty rate would require government assurance of child care and medical care to single parents.