Competition, Monopoly Maintenance, and Consumer Switching Costs
研究了耐用消费品生产商为何垄断自家产品的维修市场，发现这能避免消费者低效地维修本应更换的旧产品，从而提升社会福利和消费者福利。
Significant attention has been paid to why a durable goods producer with little or no market power would monopolize the maintenance market for its own product. This paper investigates an explanation for the practice based on consumer switching costs and the decision concerning maintaining versus replacing used units. In our explanation, if the maintenance market is not monopolized, consumers sometimes maintain used units that are more efficiently replaced. In turn, monopolizing the maintenance market avoids this inefficiency. In contrast to most previous explanations for the practice, in our explanation, the practice increases both social and consumer welfare.