Universal Pre‐school Education: The Case of Public Funding with Private Provision
研究英格兰2000年代初对三岁儿童实施免费兼职学前教育的效果，发现该政策仅小幅提升5岁成绩，到11岁时无显著益处，原因是免费名额主要挤出了私人付费照护，且新增供给来自质量较低的私立机构。
This article studies the effect of free pre-school education on child outcomes in primary school. We exploit the staggered implementation of free part-time pre-school for three year olds across Local Education Authorities in England in the early 2000s. The policy led to small improvements in attainment at age 5, with no apparent benefits by age 11. We argue that this is because the expansion of free places largely crowded out privately paid care, with small changes in total participation, and was achieved through an increase in private provision, where quality is lower on average than in the public sector.