Are collective political actions and private political actions substitutes or complements? Empirical evidence from China's private sector
基于中国私营企业全国调查数据，研究发现集体政治行动与私人政治行动呈互补关系，且这种关系受地区经济发展水平、政府资源分配机会、监管负担及企业所有权结构等因素影响。
This paper examines the circumstances under which collective and private corporate political actions are more likely to be substitutes or complements. Using data based on a series of nationwide surveys conducted on privately owned firms in China, I find that firms that are engaged in collective political actions are more likely to pursue private political actions. This positive relationship is stronger in less economically developed provinces and when there are greater opportunities for the state to redistribute economic resources in product and capital markets. Meanwhile, this relationship is weaker in the presence of heavier regulatory burdens and for firms in which the state has some equity or owned by individuals who had prior political careers. These findings contribute to the corporate political action literature . Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.