An Evaluation of the Impact of ES Referrals on Applicant Earnings
比较了美国就业服务局（ES）中收到工作推荐和未收到推荐的求职者的后续收入与再就业时间，发现推荐对女性有显著正向影响，对男性则无显著效果。
The impact of the labor exchange activities of the United States Employment Service (ES) on job seekers is analyzed in this paper. We compare the labor market experiences following application to the ES of individuals who receive ES job referrals with the experiences of those who do not receive referrals. Extensive evidence is presented indicating that the not-referred group is a reliable comparison group for estimating the impact of ES referrals on applicant labor market experiences. Our impact estimates indicate that there are significant and sizable effects of a job referral for women, resulting in increased earnings and reduced length of time to reemployment. The impacts of a job referral for men, however, are not significantly different from zero.