IDENTITY PRESERVATION AND FALSE LABELING IN THE FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN
分析了非转基因与转基因食品的市场区分问题，解释了身份保存的非转基因品种份额与总供应量之间的差异，并指出虚假标签比例取决于身份保存水平，且更严厉的罚款可能反而增加虚假标签供应。
The paper addresses two issues pertaining to the market differentiation between non-genetically modified (non-GM) and genetically modified (GM) food varieties. First, a cost-efficiency explanation is given for the discrepancy between the observed shares of identity preserved non-GM variety and the total supply of the variety. Second, the analysis shows that when products can be falsely labeled as non-GM, the share of false labeling depends on the level of identity preservation. In this context, the analysis demonstrates that the share of falsely labeled supply can increase in response to harsher fines.