The Economics of the "To and Fro" Migrant: Some Welfare-Theoretical Considerations
研究了国际“往返”移民对移民本人、东道国和来源国非移民经济福利的影响，发现这种移民增加移民和东道国非移民的福利，但降低来源国非移民的福利，从全球看是帕累托最优的。
The effects of international "to and fro" migration on the economic welfare of the migrants and the nonmigrants in the host and home countries are examined. A "to and fro" migrant is defined as a worker who changes residence from origin to destination without any systematic tendency to remain in any of the two permanently. The study is based on the theoretical framework developed by Krauss. The results indicate that "(to and fro) emigration from a source country to a recipient country increases the economic welfare of the migrants and the nonmigrants residing in the host country, but it tends to decrease the welfare of the nonmigrants residing in the source country. In general, the migration also tends to be pareto optimal from a world point of view."