Descriptive Index Number Theory and the Bank of Finland Currency Index
从描述性指数数理论角度讨论汇率指数，指出芬兰银行货币指数（1974年基期）存在永久性上行偏差，而1980年基期版本通过改用无偏公式消除了这一偏差。
Exchange rate indices are discussed in terms of the descriptive (or statistical) index number theory. The concept of bias of an index number formula is examined in order to show that the Bank of Finland currency index (1974_100) has an unfortunate permanent upward bias. In the current version of the index (1980_ 100), this bias has been eliminated by transferring to an unbiased index number formula.