The Law, Its Interpretation, Levels of Enforcement Activity, and Effect on Employer Behavior
回顾了1964年民权法案第七章及其他反歧视法律的解释与执法历史，聚焦于备受批评的不利影响原则，探讨执法是否导致配额雇佣及其成本效益。
Almost three decades after its passage, the efficacy of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 is still subject to vigorous debate over whether its enforcement fosters quota hiring and whether its perceived benefits outweigh the associated regulatory, litigation and efficiency costs. To place these issues in context, this paper briefly summarizes the history of the interpretation and enforcement of Title VII and the other antidiscrimination laws, focusing on the adverse impact doctrine which has been the target of most criticism.