The development of nominal wage rigidity in the late 19th century
发现19世纪80年代后名义工资灵活性下降，与罢工频率增加相关，表明工人议价能力增强导致工资刚性上升。
Wage, price, and output indexes suitable for comparing cyclical movements across decades show a decrease in nominal wage flexibility (the change in wage inflation associated with output fluctuations) after the 1880s, following an increase in strike frequency linked to the spread of large-scale manufacturing. Cross-sectional data show that firms in industries experiencing more strikes in the 1880s were less likely to cut nominal wages in the depression of 1893. This and other evidence suggests that the nineteenth-century decrease in wage flexibility was caused by an increase in workers' bargaining power in the absence of binding wage contracts. Copyright 1993 by American Economic Association.