Measuring the Well-Being of the Poor Using Income and Consumption
从概念和实证角度比较了收入和消费作为贫困人口物质福祉衡量指标的优劣，发现消费与福祉联系更紧密且测量更准确，适合用于设定福利和评估转移项目，但收入在确定项目资格上更便捷。
We evaluate consumption and income measures of the material well-being of the poor.We begin with conceptual and pragmatic reasons that favor income or consumption.Then, we empirically examine the quality of standard data by studying measurement error and under-reporting, and by comparing micro-data from standard surveys to administrative micro-data and aggregates.We also compare low reports of income and consumption to other measures of hardship and well-being.The closer link between consumption and well-being and its better measurement favors the use of consumption when setting benefits and evaluating transfer programs.However, income retains its convenience for determining program eligibility.