The Welfare Cost of Imperfect Industrial Competition in an Open Economy with an Application to Finland
将哈伯格估算市场集中导致福利损失的方法扩展到开放经济，并提出一种使用集中度衡量竞争偏离的新方法。两种方法估算的福利损失相似，约为GDP的0.1%至0.3%，与多数美国研究结果一致。
The Harberger (1954) method of estimating welfare losses due to market concentration is extended to the case of an open economy. As an alternative to the Harberger method, which is somewhat impractical due to some limiting assumptions, a new method is suggested which uses concentration ratios as measures of departure from competitive conditions. Welfare loss estimates using the two techniques turn out to be surprisingly similar, generally indicating losses of between 0.1 and 0.3 percent of GDP. The outcome is closely reminiscent of the majority of American studies in this area.