School Competition and Efficiency with Publicly Funded Catholic Schools
研究加拿大安大略省两个公立学校系统（一个对所有学生开放，另一个仅限天主教背景学生）之间的竞争，发现竞争压力显著提高了三年级到六年级的考试成绩，若将竞争扩展到所有学生，六年级平均成绩可提高6%到8%的标准差。
We study competition between two publicly funded school systems in Ontario, Canada: one that is open to all students, and one that is restricted to children of Catholic backgrounds. A simple model of competition between the competing systems predicts greater effort by school managers in areas with more Catholic families who are willing to switch systems. Consistent with this insight, we find significant effects of competitive pressure on test score gains between third and sixth grade. Our estimates imply that extending competition to all students would raise average test scores in sixth grade by 6 percent to 8 percent of a standard deviation.