Coal and the European Industrial Revolution
利用1300-1900年欧洲城市规模面板数据，发现1750年后靠近煤田的城市增长显著更快，表明煤炭对工业革命增长至关重要。
Abstract To what extent did growth during the Industrial Revolution depend on coal? We answer the question using a panel of European city sizes between 1300 and 1900. Prior to 1750, there was no relationship between proximity to coalfields and growth; after 1750 cities closer to coalfields grew substantially faster than those further away. We instrument for coal proximity using proximity to Carboniferous-era rock strata.