Queues, Rations and Market: Comparisons of Outcomes for the Poor and the Rich
比较了排队、可转换配给、不可转换配给和自由市场四种分配短缺商品的方式，发现对穷人而言可转换配给最好，对富人而言自由市场最好，且结果对多种参数和成本稳健。
This paper presents a positive comparison of the outcomes of several alternative allocation systems (the queue system, convertible and nonconvertible rations, and the unhindered market) to distribute the limited quantity of a deficit good among heterogeneous individuals. The authors show that, for the poor, the ranking of systems (from better to worse) is: convertible rations, nonconvertible rations, the queue system, and nonintervention. The rich are found to be better off under nonintervention than under other systems. These and other results are notably robust not only to many parameters of the economy, but also to certain types of commodity taxes and administrative costs. Copyright 1987 by American Economic Association.