Skyscrapers and the Skyline: Manhattan, 1895-2004
研究了1895至2004年曼哈顿摩天大楼市场，检验了利润最大化与战略互动对建筑高度的影响，发现高度主要由市场基本面决定，而非追求天际线突出。
This article investigates the market for skyscrapers in Manhattan from 1895 to 2004. Clark and Kingston (1930) have argued that extreme height is a result of profit maximization, while Helsley and Strange (2008) posit that skyscraper height can be caused, in part, by strategic interaction among builders. I provide a model for the market for building height and the number of completions, which are functions of the market fundamentals and the desire of builders to stand out in the skyline. I test this model using time series data. I find that skyscraper completions and average heights over the 20th century are consistent with profit maximization; the desire to add extra height to stand out does not appear to be a systematic determinant of building height.