Public Policy and the Urban Fiscal Problem: Piecemeal vs. Aggregate Solutionst
提出解决美国城市财政危机的第一步是正确定义城市财政问题，区分大都市区的一般财政问题与由大都市化（地方政府碎片化和收入空间集聚）导致的特殊问题。
A NECESSARY FIRST STEP toward resolving the financial crisis facing American cities is a proper definition of the urban fiscal problem, i.e., a separation of the fiscal problems of metropolitan areas from those which exist by virtue of metropolitanism. Consider this dissection: We are impelled to separate immediately the Galbraith problem that of underinvestment in the public sector as a general ill of society and not necessarily a result of any particular governmental form.' Then the urban fiscal problem must relate to the compounding of this general social imbalance by metropolitanism, i.e., by the fragmentation of local government and by the spatial clustering of both ends of the income distribution within the Stan-