Modeling Coordination in Organizations and Markets
定义四种通用协调结构（产品层级、职能层级、集中市场、分散市场），从生产成本、协调成本和脆弱性成本角度分析其权衡，适合研究组织设计与市场协调的学者。
This paper describes a simple set of coordination structures that model certain kinds of information processing involved in organizations and markets. Four generic coordination structures are defined: product hierarchies, functional hierarchies, centralized markets, and decentralized markets. Then tradeoffs among these structures are analyzed in terms of production costs, coordination costs, and vulnerability costs. This model is unusual in that it includes detailed definitions of the structures at a micro-level and mathematical derivations of comparisons among them at a macro-level. In the final section of the paper, several connections are made between these formal results and previous work on organizational design.