Welfare Effects on Female Headship with Area Effects
美国数据表明，福利与女性户主比例在横截面上正相关且可能随时间增强，但加入区域效应后，这种相关性消失或反转。这对加拿大等福利差异大的国家有启示。
The existing literature on welfare effects on female headship in the United States shows significant positive correlations in cross-section, possibly increasing over time. However, when geographic, or area, effects are permitted in the estimation, these correlations either disappear or reverse in sign. The results have implications for the study of welfare effects in other countries, including Canada, where benefits vary considerably across provinces and localities within them.