New Evidence on the Supply of Child Care: A Statistical Portrait of Family Providers and an Analysis of Their Fees
描绘了三个大都市区家庭保育提供者的特征，比较了持证与无证提供者，发现无证提供者照顾儿童少但成人时间密集，持证者职业承诺更强，且提供者经验或教育无回报，多孩家庭享有大额折扣。
This paper offers a description of family home providers and the care they supply for three metropolitan areas. Comparisons are made across markets and between licensed and unlicensed family providers. Among the findings are (1) unregulated family providers care for few children per establishment and offer a more adult-time intensive form of care than do licensed providers; (2) licensed family providers exhibit more commitment to the profession; (3) family providers receive no return to experience or to education, and (4) family providers offer large discounts in fees covering more than one child.