How precarious is ‘non-standard’ employment? Evidence for West Germany
研究了西德非标准就业（如边缘兼职和短期临时工）在收入、社保等方面的劣势，发现其不稳定性取决于工作持续时间和转向正规就业的可能性，但所有兼职都导致极低养老金。
The number of people engaging in some type of 'atypical' employment in West Germany has increased considerably in recent years, as it has in most other Western European countries. We have found that disadvantages in terms of working conditions, incomes and social protection tend to coumulate within certain categories of 'atypical' work, namely 'marginal' part-time and short-term temporary job arrangements. In the medium and long term the relative precariousness of 'atypical' employment depends largely on the duration of the 'atypical' work and the possibilities of transition into 'regular' employment. However, all part-time employment in likely to result in very low pension benefits, which, given the context of increasing marital instability, must leave some workers in a very 'precarious' position. Copyright 1990 by Oxford University Press.